1911 – First Atomic Beam (Dunoyer)
1921 – Deflection of Atomic Beam by Inhomogenous Magnetic Field (Stern)
1933 – Deflection of Light by Photon Absorption (Frisch)
1938 – Molecular Beam Magnetic Resonance Method for Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moments (Rabi, Zacharias, Millman & Kusch)
1939 – Radio Frequency Spectroscopy (Kellogg, Rabi, Ramsey and Zacharias)
1940 – Atomic Hyperfine Structure, Field Independent Oscillations, Discussion Of Atomic Clocks (Rabi, Kusch & Millman
1949 – Method Of Separated Oscillatory Fields: Narrower Resonances, Higher Frequencies. No First Order Doppler (Ramsey)
1950 – Optical Pumping (Kastler)
1952 – Initial Work On Cs Clock (Kusch, Lyons, Sherwin)
1953 – Unsuccessful Atomic Fountain
1954 – Atomichron (Zacharias)
1954 – NH, Laser (Townes)
1955 – Atomic Cs Beam Frequency Standard (Essen & Parry)
1948 – 1961 – Microwave Spectroscopy (Townes), Optical Pumping (Hastler), Buffer Gases (Dicke), NH,3 Maser (Townes), Optically Pumped Rb Frequency Standards.
1959 – Ion Traps (Penning, Paul & Dehmelt) Initially Large Doppler Shifts and Widths
1960 – Lasers (Townes, Schawlow, Maiman…). Suppression of First Order Doppler by Two Photon Absorption Spectroscopy. Frequency Chains for calibration.
1960 – Improvements In All Frequency and Time Standards.
1962 – Hydrogen Maser (Kleppner, Ramsey…)
1968 – Cooling of Trapped Ions By The He (Dehmelt, Cutler,….)
1969 – Small, Integrated Cavity Rubidium Oscillator & Rb Isotope Mixture, Efratom Elektronik GmbH (Jechart, Huebner)
1975 – Electron Shelving With Many Trapped Ions As An Amplification Mechanism To Detect Weak Transitions By Monitoring Affected Resonance Fluorescence.
1975 – Laser Cooling (Wineland, Dehmelt, Hansch, Scawlow).
1980 – Laser Cooling Of Trapped Ions (Wineland, Bergquist, Drullinger, Itano, Dehmetlt, Toscheck,..)
1981 – Single Atomic Ion Trapping And Colling. Quantum Jumps And Electron Shelving With Single Ions (Dehmelt, Wineland..)
1985 – Slowing of Neutral Atoms (Philips. Metcalf, Letokhov, Hall, Weiman…)
1985 – Laser Trapping Of Atoms, Gradient Traps And Spontaneous Radiation Traps (…)
1988 – Sympathetic Cooling (Larson, Wineland,…)
1988 – Cooling Below Doppler And Recoil Limits. Polarization Gradient Cooling. Sisyphus Effect. Velocity Selective Coherent Trapping. 2.4u. (Philips, Cohen Tannoudjt, Dalibard, Chu, Metcalf…)
1989 – Successful Fountain Experiment (Chu,…)
